1.TheterritoryoftheSongDynastyencompassedanareaof2.8millionsquarekilometers.2.TheSongDynastywasdividedintotheNorthernSongandSouthernSongperiods.DuringtheNorthernSong,theterritoryreacheditsmaximumsizeof2.8millionsquarekilometers,withapeakpopulationofapproximately130million.IntheSouthernSong,thelargestterritorywasabout2millionsquarekilometers,withapeakpopulationofaround80million.3.Bycomparingthepopulationdensitypersquarekilometeracrossdifferentdynasties,thefollowingaverageswereobserved:HanDynasty:10people,SuiDynasty:11people,TangDynasty:7people,MingDynasty:12people,QingDynasty:30people,NorthernSongwiththedefeatedJurchen:46people,SouthernSong:40people.4.TheSongDynastywitnessedahistoricalpeakinpopulationnumbers,whichcanbeattributedtotheancientsociety'sviewthatpopulationequatedtoproductivity.Consequently,everydynastyimplementedpoliciestoencouragechildbirth.5.Constraintsonpopulationgrowthtypicallyincludedwar,famine,andadditionalfactorssuchasthelimitationsoffoodproduction.6.DuringtheSongDynasty,Confucianismwasrevitalized,Neo-Confucianismwasfounded,andtechnologyadvancedrapidly.Thepoliticalclimatewasrelativelyopen,freefromsevereeunuchprivilegesandwarlordism.ThefrequencyandscaleofpalacecoupsandpeasantrebellionswerecomparativelylowinChinesehistory.7.IntheNorthernSongperiod,therapidgrowthofthepopulation,from3.71millionin980to12.6millionin1124,wasattributedtotheintroductionandpromotionofthericevarietyfromChampa.